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The apparatus automatically records the results and is frequently capable of calculating the degree of accuracy of the identification. For instance, technicians often simply inoculate individual units of a “chamber” that is preloaded with a specific chemical substance (the substrate) and then place the chamber into an apparatus that serves as an incubator and analyzer.
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The adoption of routine sets of laboratory tests has allowed automated instrumentation to perform the tests. Studies can be performed in a number of ways using growing cultures, “resting cells” (suspensions of cells), cell-free extracts, or enzyme preparations from cells.Ĭertain biochemical tests are routinely used to identify microbes-though more in the case of bacteria than algae, fungi, or protozoa. Through more elaborate experimentation it is possible to determine step-by-step how the microbe performs these biochemical changes. Routine techniques can identify which compounds or substances are degraded by a specific microbe and which products are synthesized. Laboratory procedures are available that make it possible to determine the biochemical capability of a species qualitatively and quantitatively.
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An example of microbes’ ability to decompose complex materials is shown by the white and brown rot fungi that decompose wood to simple compounds, including CO 2. Certain bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are the only organisms capable of this ecologically vital process. An example of their synthetic ability is nitrogen fixation-the production of amino acids, proteins, and other organic nitrogen compounds from atmospheric nitrogen (N 2). MetabolismĬollectively, microorganisms show remarkable diversity in their ability to produce complex substances from simple chemicals and to decompose complex materials to simple chemicals. Data collected on the microbial population over a period of time, under controlled laboratory conditions, allow a characteristic growth curve to be constructed for a species. The study of the growth and reproduction of microorganisms requires techniques for cultivating them in pure culture in the laboratory. Viruses, on the other hand, are produced by the host cell that they infect but are not capable of self-reproduction.
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Some require multiple hosts or carriers (vectors) to complete their life cycles. Eukaryotic microorganisms reproduce by a variety of processes, both asexual and sexual. Under ideal conditions some bacterial species may divide every 10–15 minutes-a doubling of the population at these time intervals.
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